{"id":5779,"date":"2025-06-04T15:29:58","date_gmt":"2025-06-04T14:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/?page_id=5779"},"modified":"2025-10-24T11:45:29","modified_gmt":"2025-10-24T10:45:29","slug":"immune-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/immune-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Immune System"},"content":{"rendered":"\n  <div id=\"page-header-558037539\" class=\"page-header-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"page-title dark featured-title has-parallax box-shadow-1\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"page-title-inner container align-center text-center flex-row-col medium-flex-wrap\" data-parallax-fade=\"true\" data-parallax=\"-4\">\n              <div class=\"title-wrapper flex-col\">\n          <h1 class=\"entry-title mb-0\">\n            Immune System          <\/h1>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"title-content flex-col\">\n        <ul class=\"nav sm-touch-scroll nav-simple nav-uppercase text-center nav-center\"><li class=\"nav-single-page hidden\"><\/li><\/ul>      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n       <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_1927189795\">\n\t\t<div class=\"bg section-bg fill bg-fill  bg-loaded\" >\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<span class=\"scroll-to\" data-label=\"Scroll to: #Intro\" data-bullet=\"true\" data-link=\"#Intro\" data-title=\"Intro\"><a name=\"Intro\"><\/a><\/span>\n\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"RJPOee EIJn2\">The immune system is an organization of cells and molecules with specialized roles in defending against infection. There are two fundamentally different types of responses to invading microbes. Innate (natural) responses occur to the same extent however many times the infectious agent is encountered, whereas acquired (adaptive) responses improve on repeated exposure to a given infection.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"RJPOee EIJn2\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"RJPOee EIJn2\">\n<div class=\"rPeykc pyPiTc\" data-hveid=\"CCgQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQo_EKegQIKBAB\"><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948681439\">\u00a0The Immune Response:<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"RJPOee EIJn2\">\n<ul data-hveid=\"CD0QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQm_YKegQIPRAB\">\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948680856\"><strong>Innate Immunity:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948682027\">This is the body&#8217;s first line of defense, involving physical barriers like skin, mucus membranes, and enzymes. The innate responses use phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages), cells that release inflammatory mediators (basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils), and natural killer cells.<\/span><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948683198\">It also includes chemical defenses like the complement system and substances like interferons and interleukin-1.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"bef732d3-2031-46e0-9d15-a597c390cf06\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"NPrrbc\" data-cid=\"bef732d3-2031-46e0-9d15-a597c390cf06\" data-uuids=\"5721512718948680856,5721512718948682027,5721512718948683198\">\n<div class=\"BMebGe btku5b fCrZyc LwdV0e FR7ZSc OJeuxf\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-hveid=\"CDIQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQ3fYKegQIMhAB\">\n<div class=\"niO4u\">\n<div class=\"kHtcsd\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948681444\"><strong>Adaptive Immunity:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948682615\">This is a more targeted response that learns to recognize and remember specific antigens.\u00a0 B cells<\/span><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948679690\">\u00a0produce antibodies, which are proteins that bind to specific antigens, tagging them for destruction.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"8163f339-726b-4f91-aecf-ad9cab6e9f4e\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"NPrrbc\" data-cid=\"8163f339-726b-4f91-aecf-ad9cab6e9f4e\" data-uuids=\"5721512718948681444,5721512718948682615,5721512718948679690\">\n<div class=\"BMebGe btku5b fCrZyc LwdV0e FR7ZSc OJeuxf\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-hveid=\"CDsQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQ3fYKegQIOxAB\">\n<div class=\"niO4u\">\n<div class=\"kHtcsd\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><b>T cells:<\/b><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948683203\">These cells play a crucial role in activating other immune cells and recognizing and destroying infected cells.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"1acba1fb-b9a8-4f48-97b7-1cf247258020\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"NPrrbc\" data-cid=\"1acba1fb-b9a8-4f48-97b7-1cf247258020\" data-uuids=\"5721512718948682032,5721512718948683203\">\n<div class=\"BMebGe btku5b fCrZyc LwdV0e FR7ZSc OJeuxf\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-hveid=\"CDUQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQ3fYKegQINRAB\">\n<div class=\"niO4u\">\n<div class=\"kHtcsd\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948681449\"><strong>Memory:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"5721512718948682620\">Once the immune system has successfully fought off an infection, it remembers the antigen, allowing for a faster and more effective response if the same invader enters the body again.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"9b430846-a087-4bb1-940f-5dcbfa1a2432\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"NPrrbc\" data-cid=\"9b430846-a087-4bb1-940f-5dcbfa1a2432\" data-uuids=\"5721512718948681449,5721512718948682620\">\n<div class=\"BMebGe btku5b fCrZyc LwdV0e FR7ZSc OJeuxf\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-hveid=\"CDkQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQ3fYKegQIORAB\">\n<div class=\"niO4u\">\n<div class=\"kHtcsd\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"RJPOee EIJn2\">\n<div class=\"rPeykc pyPiTc\" data-hveid=\"CEIQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQo_EKegQIQhAB\"><span data-huuid=\"15867842383197114498\">Key Players:<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"RJPOee EIJn2\">\n<ul data-hveid=\"CE8QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQm_YKegQITxAB\">\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"15867842383197114925\"><strong>White blood cells:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"15867842383197117798\">These cells are the main players in the immune response, patrolling the body and identifying and eliminating foreign invaders.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"c6cea57c-2a44-4659-99e9-6443ff197ecd\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"NPrrbc\" data-cid=\"c6cea57c-2a44-4659-99e9-6443ff197ecd\" data-uuids=\"15867842383197114925,15867842383197117798\">\n<div class=\"BMebGe btku5b fCrZyc LwdV0e FR7ZSc OJeuxf\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-hveid=\"CEoQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQ3fYKegQIShAB\">\n<div class=\"niO4u\">\n<div class=\"kHtcsd\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"15867842383197115352\"><strong>Antibodies:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"15867842383197118225\">These proteins are produced by B-cells and specifically bind to antigens, marking them for destruction or neutralizing their effects.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"5a5d05e7-c9b6-4470-8409-2fba683f374d\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"NPrrbc\" data-cid=\"5a5d05e7-c9b6-4470-8409-2fba683f374d\" data-uuids=\"15867842383197115352,15867842383197118225\">\n<div class=\"BMebGe btku5b fCrZyc LwdV0e FR7ZSc OJeuxf\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-hveid=\"CEwQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQ3fYKegQITBAB\">\n<div class=\"niO4u\">\n<div class=\"kHtcsd\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"15867842383197115779\"><strong>T-cells:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"15867842383197114556\">These cells recognize and destroy infected cells, activating other immune cells and playing a vital role in the immune response.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"0a39da4b-d3c8-429d-ab9e-9f8243185e68\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"gap-1860351496\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1860351496 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_1927189795 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n#section_1927189795 .ux-shape-divider--top svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-top-width: 100%;\n}\n#section_1927189795 .ux-shape-divider--bottom svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n<div class=\"text-center\"><div class=\"is-divider divider clearfix\" style=\"max-width:300px;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_1779799354\">\n\t\t<div class=\"bg section-bg fill bg-fill  bg-loaded\" >\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<span class=\"scroll-to\" data-label=\"Scroll to: #Anatomy\" data-bullet=\"true\" data-link=\"#Anatomy\" data-title=\"Anatomy\"><a name=\"Anatomy\"><\/a><\/span>\n\n<div class=\"row align-center\"  id=\"row-1320659373\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-2143248128\" class=\"col medium-8 small-12 large-5\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner text-center\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-4115587278\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2>Anatomy<\/h2>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-4115587278 {\n  font-size: 1.75rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"gap-58298926\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-58298926 {\n  padding-top: 50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<div class=\"row row-collapse align-equal\" style=\"max-width:1200px\" id=\"row-1309211495\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-597914567\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"slider-wrapper relative\" id=\"slider-1435924945\" >\n    <div class=\"slider slider-nav-circle slider-nav-large slider-nav-dark slider-nav-outside slider-style-normal slider-show-nav\"\n        data-flickity-options='{\n            \"cellAlign\": \"center\",\n            \"imagesLoaded\": true,\n            \"lazyLoad\": 1,\n            \"freeScroll\": false,\n            \"wrapAround\": true,\n            \"autoPlay\": 6000,\n            \"pauseAutoPlayOnHover\" : true,\n            \"prevNextButtons\": true,\n            \"contain\" : true,\n            \"adaptiveHeight\" : true,\n            \"dragThreshold\" : 10,\n            \"percentPosition\": true,\n            \"pageDots\": true,\n            \"rightToLeft\": false,\n            \"draggable\": true,\n            \"selectedAttraction\": 0.1,\n            \"parallax\" : 0,\n            \"friction\": 0.6        }'\n        >\n        \n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_497931787\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"948\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/immunity.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/immunity.png 948w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/immunity-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/immunity-768x321.png 768w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/immunity-510x213.png 510w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 948px) 100vw, 948px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_497931787 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n     <\/div>\n\n     <div class=\"loading-spin dark large centered\"><\/div>\n\n     \t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<style>\n#row-1309211495 > .col > .col-inner {\n  background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"gap-556618093\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-556618093 {\n  padding-top: 50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<div class=\"row row-collapse align-equal\" style=\"max-width:1200px\" id=\"row-934486930\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1714682242\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"slider-wrapper relative\" id=\"slider-1213170381\" >\n    <div class=\"slider slider-nav-reveal slider-nav-large slider-nav-dark slider-nav-outside slider-style-normal slider-show-nav\"\n        data-flickity-options='{\n            \"cellAlign\": \"center\",\n            \"imagesLoaded\": true,\n            \"lazyLoad\": 1,\n            \"freeScroll\": false,\n            \"wrapAround\": true,\n            \"autoPlay\": false,\n            \"pauseAutoPlayOnHover\" : true,\n            \"prevNextButtons\": true,\n            \"contain\" : true,\n            \"adaptiveHeight\" : true,\n            \"dragThreshold\" : 10,\n            \"percentPosition\": true,\n            \"pageDots\": true,\n            \"rightToLeft\": false,\n            \"draggable\": true,\n            \"selectedAttraction\": 0.1,\n            \"parallax\" : 0,\n            \"friction\": 0.6        }'\n        >\n        \n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1433822663\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"624\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Acquired-immunity.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Acquired-immunity.png 624w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Acquired-immunity-300x256.png 300w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Acquired-immunity-510x436.png 510w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1433822663 {\n  width: 75%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n     <\/div>\n\n     <div class=\"loading-spin dark large centered\"><\/div>\n\n     \t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<style>\n#row-934486930 > .col > .col-inner {\n  background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"gap-1809393602\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1809393602 {\n  padding-top: 100px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_1779799354 {\n  padding-top: 0px;\n  padding-bottom: 0px;\n}\n#section_1779799354 .ux-shape-divider--top svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-top-width: 100%;\n}\n#section_1779799354 .ux-shape-divider--bottom svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n<div class=\"text-center\"><div class=\"is-divider divider clearfix\" style=\"max-width:300px;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_720844182\">\n\t\t<div class=\"bg section-bg fill bg-fill  bg-loaded\" >\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<span class=\"scroll-to\" data-label=\"Scroll to: #Diagnosis\" data-bullet=\"true\" data-link=\"#Diagnosis\" data-title=\"Diagnosis\"><a name=\"Diagnosis\"><\/a><\/span>\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-844240892\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1144480571\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row row-collapse align-equal align-center\"  id=\"row-1171897237\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1723645117\" class=\"col medium-2 small-12 large-2\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"is-border is-dashed\"\n\t\tstyle=\"border-color:rgb(228, 228, 228);border-width:0px 2px 0px 0px;margin:60px 50% 0px 0px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"icon-box featured-box icon-box-center text-center\"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-box-img has-icon-bg\" style=\"width: 60px\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-inner\" style=\"border-width:3px;color:rgb(161, 207, 204);\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"148\" height=\"148\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow.png 148w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 148px) 100vw, 148px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-box-text last-reset\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-312556102\" class=\"gap-element clearfix hidden\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-312556102 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row row-collapse align-equal align-center\"  id=\"row-1741201439\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-524541783\" class=\"col medium-8 small-12 large-8\"  data-animate=\"bounceInUp\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner box-shadow-2\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row row-collapse\"  id=\"row-576624242\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-876128208\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner dark\" style=\"background-color:rgb(134, 233, 190);\" >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h3><span data-huuid=\"4558597510558636680\">Identifying Foreign Invaders<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1156013199\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\" style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);\" >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"RJPOee EIJn2\">\n<div class=\"rPeykc pyPiTc\" data-hveid=\"CBAQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQo_EKegQIEBAB\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"RJPOee EIJn2\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"4558597510558634633\"><strong>Antigens: <\/strong>The immune system uses antigens, which are proteins on the surfaces of foreign cells, viruses, fungi, and bacteria, as markers to identify threats.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul data-hveid=\"CBwQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjPs6-08deNAxXjR2cHHb5cNocQm_YKegQIHBAB\">\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"4558597510558636682\"><strong>Antigen Recognition:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"4558597510558637365\">Specialized immune cells, like white blood cells, patrol the body and have receptors that can bind to specific antigens.\u00a0<\/span><span data-huuid=\"4558597510558638048\">This binding signals that the cell is foreign and needs to be neutralized.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<style>\n#row-576624242 > .col > .col-inner {\n  padding: 10px 20px 2px 20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-524541783 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row row-collapse align-equal align-center\"  id=\"row-2013397895\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1667796135\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"is-border is-dashed\"\n\t\tstyle=\"border-color:rgb(228, 228, 228);border-width:0px 2px 0px 0px;margin:60px 50% 0px 0px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"icon-box featured-box icon-box-center text-center\"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-box-img has-icon-bg\" style=\"width: 60px\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-inner\" style=\"border-width:3px;color:rgb(161, 207, 204);\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"148\" height=\"148\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow.png 148w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 148px) 100vw, 148px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-box-text last-reset\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-1371640029\" class=\"gap-element clearfix hidden\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1371640029 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row row-full-width align-middle align-center row-divided\"  id=\"row-423951786\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1447502282\" class=\"col medium-8 small-12 large-8\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-3834160638\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2>INNATE<br \/>\nnon specific defense mechanisms<\/h2>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-3834160638 {\n  text-align: center;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<style>\n#row-423951786 > .col > .col-inner {\n  background-color: rgb(194, 147, 147);\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row row-collapse align-equal align-center\"  id=\"row-1084507877\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-56267493\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  data-animate=\"bounceInUp\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner box-shadow-2\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">1st Line of defense<\/h3>\n<p>Surface membrane barriers<\/p>\n<p>Structures and tissues protect against a variety of invaders.<\/p>\n<p>Secretions on these surfaces also offer protection:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>acidic pH of the skin inhibits bacterial growth<\/li>\n<li>acidic pH of vaginal secretions<\/li>\n<li>secretions from mucous lining the stomach kill pathogens<\/li>\n<li>saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria<\/li>\n<li>mucus traps microorganisms in digestive and respiratory pathways<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-56267493 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-620678007\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  data-animate=\"bounceInUp\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner box-shadow-2\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">2nd Line of Defense<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>natural killer cells<\/li>\n<li>inflammatory response<\/li>\n<li>phagocytes<\/li>\n<li>antimicrobial proteins<\/li>\n<li>fever<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-620678007 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row row-collapse align-equal align-center\"  id=\"row-1080272357\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-114566419\" class=\"col medium-3 small-12 large-3\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"is-border is-dashed\"\n\t\tstyle=\"border-color:rgb(228, 228, 228);border-width:0px 2px 0px 0px;margin:60px 50% 0px 0px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"icon-box featured-box icon-box-center text-center\"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-box-img has-icon-bg\" style=\"width: 60px\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-inner\" style=\"border-width:3px;color:rgb(161, 207, 204);\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"148\" height=\"148\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow.png 148w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Downward-arrow-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 148px) 100vw, 148px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"icon-box-text last-reset\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-1929889503\" class=\"gap-element clearfix hidden\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1929889503 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row row-full-width align-middle align-center row-divided\"  id=\"row-1678186925\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1550491365\" class=\"col medium-8 small-12 large-8\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-3763176856\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2>ADAPTIVE<\/h2>\n<h2>specific defense mechanisms<\/h2>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-3763176856 {\n  text-align: center;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<style>\n#row-1678186925 > .col > .col-inner {\n  background-color: rgb(196, 138, 138);\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row row-collapse align-equal align-center\"  id=\"row-280337642\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-87321370\" class=\"col medium-8 small-12 large-8\"  data-animate=\"bounceInUp\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner box-shadow-2\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">3rd Line of defense<\/h3>\n<p>Specific defense is required for each type of invader.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Adaptive immune response responds to a specific threat which has gotten past the first and second lines of defense. \u00a0There are three aspects of the adaptive defense:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>antigen specific &#8211; recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances<\/li>\n<li>systemic &#8211; not restricted to the initial infection site<\/li>\n<li>memory &#8211; recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-87321370 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"gap-337494647\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-337494647 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_720844182 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n#section_720844182 .ux-shape-divider--top svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-top-width: 100%;\n}\n#section_720844182 .ux-shape-divider--bottom svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n<div class=\"text-center\"><div class=\"is-divider divider clearfix\" style=\"max-width:300px;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_1300491751\">\n\t\t<div class=\"bg section-bg fill bg-fill  bg-loaded\" >\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<span class=\"scroll-to\" data-label=\"Scroll to: #Bibliography\" data-bullet=\"true\" data-link=\"#Bibliography\" data-title=\"Bibliography\"><a name=\"Bibliography\"><\/a><\/span>\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1771317310\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1656929839\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h3 class=\"accordion_title\">Bibliography<\/h3><div class=\"accordion\">\n\n<div id=\"accordion-1636495662\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-1636495662-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1636495662-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Many thanks to all the direct and indirect References, without your  contribution this website would have been not possible<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-1636495662-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1636495662-label\">\n\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>&lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/www.flaticon.com\/free-icons\/cage&#8221; title=&#8221;cage icons&#8221;&gt;Cage icons created by e.c &#8211; Flaticon&lt;\/a&gt;<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.niams.nih.gov\/health-topics\/osteoporosis#<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_1300491751 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n#section_1300491751 .ux-shape-divider--top svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-top-width: 100%;\n}\n#section_1300491751 .ux-shape-divider--bottom svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5779"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5779"}],"version-history":[{"count":58,"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5779\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6364,"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5779\/revisions\/6364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5779"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}