{"id":5369,"date":"2025-04-24T06:26:11","date_gmt":"2025-04-24T05:26:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/?page_id=5369"},"modified":"2025-10-19T13:10:33","modified_gmt":"2025-10-19T12:10:33","slug":"anatomical-terms","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/anatomical-terms\/","title":{"rendered":"Anatomical Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_1172162966\">\n\t\t<div class=\"bg section-bg fill bg-fill  bg-loaded\" >\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"accordion\">\n\n<div id=\"accordion-575695375\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-575695375-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-575695375-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Flexion<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-575695375-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-575695375-label\">\n\n<p>The movement that decreases the angle between joints.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"topic-highlight\">Plantarflexion<\/span>\u00a0is generally considered to be the action that produces a simultaneous inferior displacement of the\u00a0<a class=\"topic-link\" tabindex=\"0\" title=\"Learn more about toes from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/toe\">toes<\/a> and superior displacement of the heel; dorsiflexion would be the opposite action.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/plantarflexion<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-2349997699\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-2349997699-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2349997699-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Agonist<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-2349997699-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2349997699-label\">\n\n<p>(also, prime mover) muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular motion.Although a number of muscles may be involved in an action, the principal muscle involved is called the prime mover, or agonist\/p><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-2415428816\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-2415428816-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2415428816-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Synergist<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-2415428816-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2415428816-label\">\n\n<p>(also, prime mover) muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular motion.During forearm flexion (bending the elbow), such as lifting a cup, a muscle called the biceps brachii is actually the prime mover; however, because it can be assisted by the brachialis, the brachialis is called a synergist in this action.Also involved is the brachioradialis which assists the brachialis, and is also considered a synergist.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-398516456\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-398516456-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-398516456-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Fixator<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-398516456-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-398516456-label\">\n\n<p>Synergist that assists an agonist by preventing or reducing movement at another joint, thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist.<\/p>\n<p>A synergist can also be a fixator that stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover\u2019s origin.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-95835096\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-95835096-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-95835096-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Antagonist<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-95835096-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-95835096-label\">\n\n<p>muscle that opposes the action of an agonist.A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: (1) they maintain\u00a0body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect; and (2) they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch or the ability to check the motion of a limb.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-3485763691\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-3485763691-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3485763691-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Prime mover<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-3485763691-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3485763691-label\">\n\n<div class=\"slider-wrapper relative\" id=\"slider-502740053\" >\n    <div class=\"slider slider-nav-circle slider-nav-large slider-nav-light slider-style-normal\"\n        data-flickity-options='{\n            \"cellAlign\": \"center\",\n            \"imagesLoaded\": true,\n            \"lazyLoad\": 1,\n            \"freeScroll\": false,\n            \"wrapAround\": true,\n            \"autoPlay\": 6000,\n            \"pauseAutoPlayOnHover\" : true,\n            \"prevNextButtons\": true,\n            \"contain\" : true,\n            \"adaptiveHeight\" : true,\n            \"dragThreshold\" : 10,\n            \"percentPosition\": true,\n            \"pageDots\": true,\n            \"rightToLeft\": false,\n            \"draggable\": true,\n            \"selectedAttraction\": 0.1,\n            \"parallax\" : 0,\n            \"friction\": 0.6        }'\n        >\n        \n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_2133182634\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"550\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Prime-movers-and-synergists.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Prime-movers-and-synergists.jpg 550w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Prime-movers-and-synergists-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Prime-movers-and-synergists-510x402.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_2133182634 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n     <\/div>\n\n     <div class=\"loading-spin dark large centered\"><\/div>\n\n     \t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-1904547765\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-1904547765-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1904547765-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Isokinetic<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-1904547765-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1904547765-label\">\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1038582305\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"1020\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.20.44-PM-1024x371.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.20.44-PM-1024x371.png 1024w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.20.44-PM-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.20.44-PM-768x278.png 768w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.20.44-PM-510x185.png 510w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.20.44-PM.png 1142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1038582305 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p>Isokinetic exercise\u00a0involves maintaining a constant speed during muscle contraction, with the resistance provided by the machine adjusting to match the force exerted by the individual.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-2297255001\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-2297255001-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2297255001-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Isometric<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-2297255001-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2297255001-label\">\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_131356198\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"429\" height=\"177\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.28.25-PM-e1748514211562.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.28.25-PM-e1748514211562.png 429w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-29-at-3.28.25-PM-e1748514211562-300x124.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_131356198 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p id=\"fspara0055\">Types of muscle contraction. (a) Isometric contraction. Muscle produces the same amount of force as the external load (or opposing force); hence, no movement occurs.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Contractions can be described as\u00a0isometric\u00a0if the muscle tension changes but the muscle length remains the same.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"cap0055\"><\/span>Images have been reproduced from OpenStax College, 2013. Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension. Connexions, 4 June 2013.\u00a0http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/m46470\/1.3\/.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-2887254796\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-2887254796-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2887254796-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Isotonic<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-2887254796-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2887254796-label\">\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1481918902\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"500\" height=\"731\" src=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/1015_Types_of_Contraction_new.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/1015_Types_of_Contraction_new.jpg 500w, https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/1015_Types_of_Contraction_new-205x300.jpg 205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1481918902 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 20.16px; color: #333333;\">Isotonic contraction<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In contrast, a muscle contraction is described as isotonic if muscle tension remains the same throughout the contraction. If the muscle length shortens, the contraction is concentric; <sup id=\"cite_ref-Widmaier_et_al_2008_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Kumar_2004_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>if the muscle length lengthens, the contraction is eccentric.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0isotonic contraction, the tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Widmaier_et_al_2008_1-12\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aidley_1998_4-5\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Sircar_2008_5-5\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Bullock_et_al_2001_6-5\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>This occurs when a muscle&#8217;s force of contraction matches the total load on the muscle.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Concentric_contraction\">Concentric contraction<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p>In concentric contraction, muscle tension is sufficient to overcome the load, and the muscle shortens as it contracts. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle exceeds the load opposing its contraction.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Eccentric_contraction\">Eccentric contraction<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p>In eccentric contraction, the tension generated while isometric is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscle, and the muscle fibers lengthen as they contract. Rather than working to pull a joint in the direction of the muscle contraction, the muscle acts to\u00a0decelerate\u00a0the joint at the end of a movement or otherwise control the repositioning of a load.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-235458535\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-235458535-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-235458535-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Resistance Exercise<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-235458535-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-235458535-label\">\n\n<p>Resistance Exercise (RE) is defined as a physical conditioning program that enhances fitness, health, and sports performance, using a variety of training modalities such as free weights, weight machines, medicine balls, elastic bands, and different movement velocities . The RE interventions including weighted lunges, hip abduction\/adduction, knee extension\/flexion, plantar-\/dorsi-flexion, back extension, reverse chest fly, and abdominal exercises or a smaller number of compound movements of squats and deadlifts, target the major muscle groups attached to the hip and spine.<\/p>\n<h1>The Type of Resistance Exercise Training Program.<\/h1>\n<div class=\"tbl-box p\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"content\" frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"rows\">\n<colgroup>\n<col span=\"1\" width=\"12.47%\" \/>\n<col span=\"1\" width=\"47.7%\" \/>\n<col span=\"1\" width=\"39.82%\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Type<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Description<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Examples<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Isometric RE<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">A static contraction of muscle against external resistance without change in its length or joint motion<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Yoga poses such as Plank or the Warrior variations, side bridge, hundred breaths exercise, pushing against a fence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Isotonic RE<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">A dynamic exercise against resistance as a muscle lengthens or shortens through the available range of motion<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">\u2003- Concentric contraction: an active muscle undergoes shortening while overcoming external resistance<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Contraction of biceps curl with fixed weight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">\u2003- Eccentric contraction: an active muscle undergoes lengthening while being overcome by an external resistance<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Extension of quadriceps during knee bend<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Isokinetic RE<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">An active exercise in which a muscle or group of muscles contracts against a controlled accommodating resistance that is moving at a constant angular velocity<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\">Fitness machines (e.g., stationary bike, bench press machine, bent-over row), dynamometer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tw-foot p\">\n<div id=\"fn2\" class=\"fn\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-1594765002\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-1594765002-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1594765002-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Calcitriol<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-1594765002-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1594765002-label\">\n\n<p><strong>Calcitriol<\/strong> is\u00a0the <strong>active form of vitamin D<\/strong>, a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body, as well as bone health. It&#8217;s naturally produced in the kidneys and is also available as a synthetic medication to treat various conditions like hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, and secondary hyperparathyroidism.<\/p>\n<div id=\"Y_xLaJ3lGOmaseMPvL_L4QE__82\" class=\"bsmXxe\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span class=\"oXzekf\" data-huuid=\"9311391599218842874\"><strong>Calcium Homeostasis:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span class=\"oXzekf\" data-huuid=\"9311391599218842633\">Calcitriol plays a major role in <strong>regulating calcium levels<\/strong> in the body by influencing calcium absorption in the gut, calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and calcium mobilization from bone.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"06abe38b-41ce-463f-83d6-9d16041d9de8\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-2067601087\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-2067601087-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2067601087-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Phosphate<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-2067601087-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2067601087-label\">\n\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<div class=\"rPeykc\" data-hveid=\"CFsQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwiorqH6iu6NAxVck1YBHUCUBTcQo_EKegQIWxAB\"><span data-huuid=\"136550706772541440\">Phosphate (PO\u2084\u00b3\u207b) is\u00a0a negatively charged ion (anion) and an essential nutrient found in the body, playing a crucial role in bone health, energy production, and various other bodily functions.\u00a0<\/span><span data-huuid=\"136550706772543823\">It is also used in fertilizers and various industrial processes.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"d4473d9f-d88e-4208-9a0a-c5bd07bf32a4\"><span class=\"UV3uM\"> Phosphate is the natural source of phosphorous, an element that provides a quarter of all the nutrients that plants need for their growth and development.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"NPrrbc\" data-cid=\"d4473d9f-d88e-4208-9a0a-c5bd07bf32a4\" data-uuids=\"136550706772541440,136550706772543823\">\n<div class=\"BMebGe btku5b fCrZyc LwdV0e FR7ZSc OJeuxf\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"View related links\" data-hveid=\"CFkQAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwiorqH6iu6NAxVck1YBHUCUBTcQ3fYKegQIWRAB\">\n<div class=\"niO4u\">\n<div class=\"kHtcsd\"><span data-huuid=\"136550706772543077\">Phosphate is an essential electrolyte that contributes to the body&#8217;s fluid and pH balance.\u00a0<\/span><span data-huuid=\"136550706772545460\">It is a major component of bones and teeth, working with calcium to provide structural integrity.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>The kidneys, bones, and intestines work together to maintain phosphate homeostasis.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"5421514a-631f-4894-8d87-866c7ea5cad6\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>Imbalances in phosphate levels, both high (hyperphosphatemia) and low (hypophosphatemia), can lead to various health problems, including kidney disease (unable to excrete the high amounts from blood), osteoporosis (High phosphate levels can pull calcium out of bones), and muscle weakness.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"132da38e-eccb-4a0b-97f0-1ac6f2826e9b\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"WaaZC\">\n<p>The amount of phosphate in your blood is also linked to your levels of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Calcium.<\/strong>\u00a0When blood calcium levels increase, phosphate levels decrease. And when calcium levels decrease, phosphate levels increase.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vitamin D.<\/strong>\u00a0It helps your body use phosphate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Parathyroid\u00a0hormone\u00a0(PTH).<\/strong>\u00a0This hormone is made by parathyroid glands in your neck. It helps balance phosphate and calcium levels in your blood.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-2583149047\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-2583149047-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2583149047-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Alkaline Phosphate<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-2583149047-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2583149047-label\">\n\n<p>Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found in all tissues in the human body but is mostly concentrated in the bones, kidneys, liver, intestines, and placenta. It exists in different forms, depending on where it originates.<\/p>\n<p>Its major function is to protect your intestinal tract against bacteria, aid in digestion, break down fats and some B vitamins, and promote bone formation.<\/p>\n<p>High levels of\u00a0ALP\u00a0in the blood may indicate bone, liver, or\u00a0bile\u00a0duct disease.<\/p>\n<p>When the liver is not functioning properly, ALP is released into the bloodstream. Additionally, any condition that affects bone growth or causes the increased activity of bone cells can increase ALP levels in the blood.<br \/>\nVitamin D deficiency is usually accompanied by elevated levels of total alkaline phosphatase in the blood. However, it is not the best indicator of vitamin D deficiency.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-3094609645\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-3094609645-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3094609645-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>1\u03b1-hydroxylase<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-3094609645-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3094609645-label\">\n\n<p>1\u03b1-hydroxylase\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span data-huuid=\"9311391599218841188\">1\u03b1-hydroxylase is\u00a0a vital enzyme that converts vitamin D (specifically, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3) into its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol).\u00a0<\/span><span data-huuid=\"9311391599218840947\">This process is crucial for calcium homeostasis and other essential functions.\u00a0<\/span><span data-huuid=\"9311391599218840706\">The enzyme is primarily found in the kidneys but also expressed in various other tissues.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"c2fc996a-de50-43d3-8a85-c6f4fe9bcb15\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"Y_xLaJ3lGOmaseMPvL_L4QE__73\" class=\"bsmXxe\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"K3KsMc\">\n<div class=\"zMgcWd dSKvsb\" data-il=\"\">\n<div data-crb-p=\"\">\n<div class=\"xFTqob\">\n<div class=\"Gur8Ad\"><span data-huuid=\"9311391599218839982\"><strong>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vM0jzc\"><span data-huuid=\"9311391599218839741\">PTH is a key regulator of 1\u03b1-hydroxylase, stimulating its activity when calcium levels are low.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"814718db-d93d-4f68-b123-cd84bd8a64e0\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-3195726471\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-3195726471-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3195726471-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Calcitonin<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-3195726471-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3195726471-label\">\n\n<p><span data-huuid=\"16254220207457907614\">Calcitonin is\u00a0<mark class=\"QVRyCf\">a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by decreasing them<\/mark>.\u00a0<\/span><span data-huuid=\"16254220207457910181\">It works by opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone, which increases blood calcium levels.<span class=\"pjBG2e\" data-cid=\"f3f82b4a-c3bc-44f4-a887-a005563c9798\"><span class=\"UV3uM\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"accordion-1691679740\" class=\"accordion-item\"><a id=\"accordion-1691679740-label\" href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1691679740-content\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Sunlight - Vitamin D<\/span><\/a><div id=\"accordion-1691679740-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1691679740-label\">\n\n<p>Most humans depend on sun exposure to satisfy their requirements for\u00a0vitamin D.\u00a0Solar ultraviolet B photons are absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, leading to its transformation to previtamin D<sub>3<\/sub>, which is rapidly converted to vitamin D<sub>3<\/sub>. Season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, aging,\u00a0sunscreen\u00a0use, and glass all influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D<sub>3<\/sub>. Once formed, vitamin D<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0is metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0and then in the kidney to its biologically active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3.\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>Also known as Calcitriol.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_1172162966 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n#section_1172162966 .ux-shape-divider--top svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-top-width: 100%;\n}\n#section_1172162966 .ux-shape-divider--bottom svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n<p>Bibliography<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<p>Biga, L. M., Bronson, S., Dawson, S., Harwell, A., Hopkins, R., Kaufmann, J., LeMaster, M., Matern, P., Morrison-Graham, K., Oja, K., Quick, D., Runyeon, J., Oeru, O., &amp; OpenStax. (2019, September 26). <i>11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists<\/i>. Pressbooks. <span class=\"url\">https:\/\/open.oregonstate.education\/aandp\/chapter\/11-1-describe-the-roles-of-agonists-antagonists-and-synergists\/\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Libretexts. (2025, April 22). <i>10.2: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems<\/i>. Medicine LibreTexts. <span class=\"url\">https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Anatomy_and_Physiology\/Human_Anatomy_(OERI)\/10%3A_Muscular_System\/10.02%3A_Interactions_of_Skeletal_Muscles_Their_Fascicle_Arrangement_and_Their_Lever_Systems<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Huang, H., Guo, J., Yang, J.\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0Isokinetic angle-specific moments and ratios characterizing hamstring and quadriceps strength in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees.\u00a0<i>Sci Rep<\/i>\u00a0<b>7<\/b>, 7269 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-06601-5<\/li>\n<li>Hong AR, Kim SW. Effects of Resistance Exercise on Bone Health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2018 Dec;33(4):435-444. doi: 10.3803\/EnM.2018.33.4.435. PMID: 30513557; PMCID: PMC6279907.<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/phosphate-in-blood\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5369"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5369"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5369\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6359,"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5369\/revisions\/6359"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfexplorer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5369"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}